The post Are We Ingesting Plastics Every Day? The Truth About Microplastics KellyOnTech ESG Series first appeared on Mans International.
]]>The answer is yes, but the plastics are small pieces, less than 5 mm in length, known as microplastics.
Let’s take a quiz, which of the following five options contain microplastics?
- Honey
- Sea salt
- Beer
- Tap water
- Dust in the house
The answer is that all of them contain microplastics.
What Are Microplastics?
Microplastics are formed in a variety of ways, the most common being various types of plastic waste. Larger pieces of plastic degrade into smaller and smaller pieces, which are ingested by oceans, lakes, soils, air and various organisms.
Another type of microplastics is directly produced. An example is microbeads. It is very tiny pieces of man-made polyethylene plastic that is added as an exfoliator to health and beauty products, like the toothpaste we use every day. These tiny particles can easily pass through water filtration systems and end up in the oceans and large lakes, where they are ingested as food by aquatic life, posing a potential life threat. China’s deep-sea probe “Jiaolong” once discovered microplastics at a depth of 4,500 meters under the sea.
Microbeads are not a recent problem. According to the United Unions Environment Program,microbeads first appeared in personal care products about fifty years ago, and they are increasingly replacing natural ingredients. In 2015, microbeads were banned in the United States, but microplastics are still allowed.
Are Microplastics Harmful to Humans?
Since microplastics have been around for so long, is it harmful to the human body?
Although the impact of microplastics on human health is not fully understood, there are at least two reasons why we should be cautious about their presence in the environment.
First, microplastics can enter various ecosystems, including oceans, rivers and soils, where they are ingested by marine animals, birds and other wildlife. Studies have shown that ingesting microplastics can lead to physical harm, such as blockages in the digestive system or organ damage.They can have indirect effects, such as altering an animal’s eating behaviour or causing hormonal changes.
Second, there is evidence that microplastics can act as carriers for other pollutants. Due to its small size and large surface area, it can absorb and accumulate toxic substances such as heavy metals and organic pollutants. When these contaminated microplastics are ingested by organisms, there is a risk of transferring these pollutants up the food chain.
Overall, although the full extent of the harm caused by microplastics is unknown, there is growing evidence that they may have negative impacts on ecosystems and may pose risks to human health. Efforts to reduce plastic pollution and promote plastic waste management are critical to addressing this issue.
Which Companies Make Products that Reduce Microplastics?
Samsung Electronics unveiled a washing machine at this year’s Consumer Electronics Show, CES 2023, that uses less microfiber circulation and filtration technology. The technology reduces microplastics emissions by 54% and prevents microplastic particles from escaping into the ocean at the end of the wash cycle. This washing machine is being sold in South Korea and the United States from February 2023 and will gradually be rolled out in Europe.
In recent years, Haier has begun to focus on the development of efficient use of laundry detergent, improving the service life of clothes, and reducing the emission of microplastics from clothes, while promoting energy saving and consumption of washing machines.
On April 27, the 2023 China Home Appliances and Consumer Electronics Expo (AWE 2023) opened in Shanghai. Haier Washing Machine and China Standardization Association took the lead, jointly with the China Household Institute (Beijing) Certification Co., the Chinese Research Institute of Daily-use Chemical Industry and and the China Household Electric Appliances Research Institute released the industry’s first “Green Cleaning and Care Technical Requirements for Washing Machines”, which stipulates the definition of greenwashing, technical requirement, star rating evaluation requirements and test methods.
What Technologies Are Available to Reduce Microplastics?
In 2020, researchers at the University of Lethbridge in Australia developed a new nanotechnology process that can convert plastic waste into two valuable products: graphene ( a molecular compound used to strengthen electronics and composites) and hydro ( a type of clean fuel). While the discovery is still under development, the conversion from plastic to graphene is more cost-effective, because the material does not need to be cleaned or sorted before processing. By simplifying the collection and disposal of recyclables, more products can be recycled.
Australian researchers also created nanocoils, which are reusable nanoscale reactors made of carbon nanotubes and metals that are about half the width of a human hair. When in contact with microplastics, these nanocoils trigger a chemical reaction that breaks the microplastics down into their molecular components. The resulting material no longer contains plastics, but only consists of carbon dioxide and water. Nanoscale carbon-based molecular components can be used as a food source for plant life such as algae, and preliminary tests have shown improved plant growth in the observed environment. This innovative approach converts microplastics into valuable nutrients by breaking down into their core components before they enter the environment.
Researchers in the Czech Republic are also deploying nanotechnology to fight microplastics, but they are taking it a step further by using solar-powered microrobots. These microrobots utilize a photocatalytic degradation process, using reactants such as polylactic acid and polycaprolactone to break down microplastics into basic components — carbon dioxide and water — to ensure they don’t harm marine life. These autonomous microrobots offer a key solution to the problem of microplastics in hard-to-reach areas, and their solar-powered operation requires minimal maintenance.
The post Are We Ingesting Plastics Every Day? The Truth About Microplastics KellyOnTech ESG Series first appeared on Mans International.
]]>The post Is your plane fueled by waste oil? Demystify Sustainable Aviation Fuel KellyOnTech ESG series first appeared on Mans International.
]]>You could witness a new aviation milestone by the end of 2023! A flagship Boeing 787 jet from Virgin Atlantic Airways is scheduled to operate the world’s first transatlantic flight at the end of this year, achieving “net zero” carbon emissions. The aircraft will fly from London Heathrow to New York JFK and will be powered entirely by Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF).
Your Plane May Be Fueled by Waste Oil
The use of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) has been on the rise worldwide in recent years；But what exactly is it?
SAF is the abbreviation of Sustainable Aviation Fuel. It is sustainable because its raw materials will not compete with food crops or water resources, nor will it cause forest degradation.
Sustainable aviation fuel is one of the fastest and most effective ways that the aviation industry is currently responding to the need to reduce carbon emissions. It can turn waste into valuable products that include waste oil and various solid wastes, such as wrapping paper, food scraps and textiles, etc.
Why We Need to Accelerate the Use of SAF
The primary source of carbon emissions from aviation is the combustion of jet fuel, which comes from petroleum. It releases carbon dioxide (CO2) as well as other greenhouse gases such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and water vapour. In order to slow down the global warming effect and achieve the goal of net zero emissions by 2050, the aviation industry urgently needs to use alternatives to jet fuel.
Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF), a renewable alternative to fossil fuels, can be blended with conventional jet fuel for use in existing aircraft using a variety of conversion technologies, without engine or infrastructure modifications. Of course this low-carbon fuel can also be a complete replacement for traditional fossil fuels.
According to estimates from the International Air Transport Association (IATA), Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) could contribute around 65% of the emissions reductions the aviation industry needs to reach net-zero emissions by 2050.
Who Produces Sustainable Aviation Fuel?
There are several broad categories of companies that produce sustainable aviation fuel globally.
One is the major energy companies such as Shell, BP, Total Energies, China National Petroleum Corporation, Sinopec, China Aviation Fuel Group (CNAF) and others who are actively developing and producing SAF to reduce costs and increase availability.
The other category is specialized renewable fuel producers such as Finland’s Neste, US-based renewable chemicals and advanced biofuels companies Gevo and World Energy. The latter is currently one of SAF’s largest suppliers.
Another category is multinational companies, which actively promote sustainable aviation fuels through their global R&D teams and channel resources. Take Honeywell as an example here.
Honeywell launches Innovative Solution for Sustainable Aviation Fuel — UOP eFining Technology
Honeywell recently announced the launch of its innovative UOP eFining technology, an off-the-shelf solution for producing low-carbon sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). It is a methanol-to-jet fuel (MTJ) processing technology that enables the reliable and large-scale conversion of e-methanol (eMethanol) to e-sustainable aviation fuel (eSAF). This technology produces high-yield eSAFs at a lower cost than comparable technologies.
Honeywell claims that its UOP eFinning can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 88 percent compared to conventional jet fuel. When blended with conventional jet fuel, eSAF is a direct alternative fuel that requires no changes to aircraft technology or fuel infrastructure.
The company hopes to increase the production of sustainable aviation fuel by using green H2 and CO2 production, enabling the aviation industry to meet its decarbonization goals in a more timely manner. In addition, Honeywell added UOP eFining to its existing Ecofining and ethanol injection technologies to meet rapidly growing demand for renewable fuels. Current customers include the Singapore Armed Forces and United Airlines, among others. United Airlines is the first airline in the world to use sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) in its regular operations.
What New Plans Does Honeywell Have
Honeywell will further cooperate with its first commercial customer, HIF Global (Highly Innovative Fuels Global), to convert recovered CO2 into useful feedstock to replace fossil fuels in aviation, which are very difficult to reduce. HIF Global is an international electric fuel company founded in 2016 by AME, the fifth largest power plant in Chile, and backed by German automaker Porsche AG, one of the most profitable automakers in the world.
HIF Global expects to deploy the solution at its second commercial-scale electric fuels (eFuels) facility in the United States. The HIF eSAF project is expected to be the largest eSAF facility in the world, recovering approximately 2 million tons of captured CO2 and producing approximately 11,000 barrels of eSAF per day by 2030.
Additional Information — What Are eFuels
Electric fuels or eFuels are clean, carbon-neutral fuels produced from renewable green hydrogen and carbon dioxide extracted from the atmosphere. eFuels have the same chemical properties as fossil fuels and can therefore be used as a direct replacement for existing engines and infrastructure without any modifications.
What Is the Market Outlook for SAF
In 2021, the Biden administration announced the Sustainable Aviation Fuel Grand Challenge for the US aviation fuel supply sector, which is to produce at least 3 billion gallons of SAF per year by 2030, equivalent to 11.36 billion litres, and to reduce aviation emissions by 20 percent. The ultimate goal is to use 100 percent SAF for U.S. aviation fuel by 2050.
“Fit for 55” refers to the package proposed by the European Commission in July 2021. The plan is part of the EU’s wider aim to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% compared with 1990 levels by 2030. The name “Fit for 55” reflects EU policy A target consistent with the 55% emission reduction target.
The European Council issued the ReFuelEU aviation rules as part of the “Fit for 55” plan, which aims to increase the share of sustainable fuels at EU airports from at least 2 percent by 2025 to 70 percent by 2050. “Fit for 55” refers to a package proposed by the European Commission in July 2021. The plan is part of the EU’s wider aim to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55 percent by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. The name “Fit for 55” reflects the goal of aligning EU policy with the 55% emissions reduction target.
Currently, sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) are costly due to insufficient production capacity and immature supply chains, among other issues. However, with the further unification of governments’ carbon reduction policies and industry standards, and the establishment of a mature and robust production and supply system, the widespread use of sustainable fuels will eventually become a milestone in the aviation industry. Let us wait and see!
The post Is your plane fueled by waste oil? Demystify Sustainable Aviation Fuel KellyOnTech ESG series first appeared on Mans International.
]]>The post Solar 3.0 Perovskite Solar Cells KellyOnTech ESG Series first appeared on Mans International.
]]>One of the biggest difficulties of solar cells at that time, and it still remains after so many years, is the low photoelectric conversion efficiency. The energy conversion efficiency of monocrystalline silicon solar cells used in those days has only reached about 20% now. The scene of taking a speedboat across the island and braving the scorching sun with the engineering team to adjust the angle of the solar panels is still fresh in my memory.
Why Can Distributed Photovoltaics Return to its Peak in 2022?
There are two main technical routes for solar cells: crystalline silicon (monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon) and thin-film solar cells. It is said on the Internet that distributed photovoltaics can return to its peak in 2022, which refers to a breakthrough in thin-film solar cell technology. Ultimately, it is a breakthrough in the field of materials science.
To put it simply, a thin-film solar cell COATS a layer of material that can absorb solar energy on the substrate.
Many kinds of materials have been tried before, such as graphite, gallium arsenide, cadmium telluride, and so on. Later, a mineralogist Lev Perovski studied a material called Perovskite, which is named after him.
Why Is the Industry so Excited about Perovskites?
First, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite cells has been significantly improved. At the end of 2022, the Helmholtz Center (HZB) perovskite tandem solar cell in Berlin, Germany broke the world efficiency record with a certified efficiency of 32.5%.
It has been more than ten years since perovskite was used for photovoltaic power generation, and the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency was only 3.8%. Why can the conversion efficiency be greatly improved? The reason is that a perovskite solar cell (PSC) is a type of solar cell that contains a compound of the perovskite structure. Since it is a compound, it is more flexible to mix and match materials. The most common approach is to mix organic-inorganic lead or tin halide-based materials as the light-harvesting active layer. In contrast, the material of crystalline silicon solar cells is single and can only be purified.
The advantage of perovskite solar cells is that the manufacturing process is not complicated, the cost is low, and it is easy to recycle, so the payback period is relatively shorter than investing in crystalline silicon solar cells.
But perovskites are not without their drawbacks. A notable drawback of the material is that it wears away when exposed to light, heat, moisture and oxygen after months of use, which can lead to the generation of toxic lead.
So now major manufacturers are working to reduce this toxicity.
Commercialization Process of Perovskite
Switzerland-based heterojunction solar module manufacturer Meyer Burger has signed a multi-year collaboration agreement with Switzerland-based Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM) to develop tandem perovskite solar cell technology. This also includes the aforementioned Helmholtz Center (HZB), which focuses on the industrialization of perovskite stacked solar cells and modules.
Meyer Burger draws on its long tradition of proprietary development and has a broad portfolio of processes, technologies and production technologies for the potentially large-scale production of in-house tandem solar cells and modules. This includes the basic manufacturing process and mechanics of silicon-based perovskite tandem solar cells, as well as the corresponding solar modules with Meyer Burger’s proprietary SmartWire connection technology, to accelerate the commercialization of perovskite solar energy.
In the end, I would like to say that technology is constantly improving. Some problems cannot be solved in the short term, but do not be discouraged. Do what we can do. There will always be a day when the technology matures, and the significance of what we are doing now is reflected in the process of adding bricks and mortar.
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]]>The post AI Trends 2023: Open AI GhatGPT4 vs. Google Ad Business Battle Coming Soon? first appeared on Mans International.
]]>OpenAI is a nonprofit organization focused on developing artificial intelligence “in the ways that are most likely to benefit all of humanity.” It was co-founded In 2015 by Elon Musk, founder of Tesla, Sam Altman, former president of Y Combinator, a well-known science and technology incubator, and Peter Thiel, Co-founder of PayPal, and the author of the best-selling book “From Zero to One” and Co-founder of LinkedIn Reid Hoffman. (Note: Elon Musk left in 2018.)
What Is the Difference Between ChatGPT-4 and ChatGPT-3?
ChatGPT-3 was launched last year and quickly exploded on social media around the world. What’s so special about ChatGPT-4? The current ChatGPT-3 has 175 billion parameters, while ChatGPT-4 will likely have 1 trillion parameters or more, approaching a 6x increase. ChatGPT series are capable of text response, content generation, language translation, and text summarization. The increase in parameters means that it can respond to questions raised by users faster and more accurately.
Why is Google So Nervous?
When this news came out, Google was the first to blow up. Why? According to the New York Times, the upcoming release of ChatGPT4 led Google management to announce a “Code Red”. Code Red is a computer virus discovered on the Internet on July 15, 2001. It once attacked Microsoft’s IIS web server.
In addition to the increase in the parameters just mentioned and the resulting increase in accuracy, the thing that shakes the industry is that it greatly reduces the cost of text generation. The cost will drop to half a cent for 700 words of output.
ChatGPT vs Google Search
Let’s make a comparison between ChatGPT 3 and Google Search.
ChatGPT can give concise answers directly. For example, I typed in ChatGPT-3: “What are the latest models of BYD electric vehicles?”
ChatGPT gives a very concise answer, which also introduces what kind of company BYD is, not only lists the latest models, but also briefly introduces the mileage each car can travel on a single charge, which is easy to understand. If you are interested in a specific car, you can find additional information.
Google’s search results are a bunch of links that the user needs to click on to get the information, which means it may take more time to search for the same information with Google.
Is ChatGPT-4 Really a Threat to Google?
ChatGPT first used a conversational artificial intelligence platform developed by Google engineers in 2017. In addition, Google itself has developed the LaMDA conversational neuro linguistic models. The first generation was announced at the Google I/O keynote in 2021, while the second generation was announced at last year’s I/O event in 2022. But why has Google been slow to release these technologies to the public?
It comes down to ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance). Google’s main consideration is social responsibility. Google has been slow to release these techniques to the public in part because LaMDA was trained on current web data. These data inevitably include some hate speech, fake news, racist/sexist speech, and a large degree of inaccurate information. This means that racism, bias and misinformation can seep into the chatbot’s learning models, so the answers it gives will inevitably include them as well.
Another reason is commercial. It is that Google has not yet found a way to integrate LaMDA with its existing advertising model. The Advertising business currently accounts for about 80% of Google’s revenue.
Do you have any concerns regarding ChatGPT-4? You are welcome to leave a comment.
For more information about global cutting-edge technology, China’s technology strategy and entrepreneurial projects, welcome to read the recently published English book “Strategic Development of Technology in China”.
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]]>The post Q&A 2 What's New in Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles? KellyOnTech ESG Series first appeared on Mans International.
]]>Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles can withstand low temperatures. I take BMW as an example. To prove that hydrogen fuel cell vehicles can operate reliably in cold temperatures, BMW has chosen one of the coldest regions in the world — the Arctic Circle — to prove itself. BMW’s hydrogen vehicle, the BMW iX5 Hydrogen, was put through several driving tests at the BMW Group test centre in Arjeplog in northern Sweden.
All drive components of the BMW iX5 Hydrogen — from the fuel cell system to the hydrogen tank, from the power buffer battery to the central vehicle control unit — performed perfectly at temperatures of -20°C. The BMW iX5 Hydrogen small series will go into series production by the end of 2022.
Are Hydrogen Energy Vehicles Safe?
The operation mode of hydrogen energy vehicles is divided into two categories, one is internal combustion engine vehicles, and the other is fuel cell vehicles. The former uses hydrogen as fuel and generates heat to power cars, similar to fossil energy. Internal combustion engine-type hydrogen vehicles have been developed since 1920, but they have poor safety, knocking and pre-ignition, and have not been mass-produced.
The hydrogen fuel cell car is similar to the engine of a fuel car. It contains an electric stack and a hydrogen system, where hydrogen and oxygen enter through the entrance of the stack and generate electric current through an electrochemical reaction to drive the vehicle. As of now, there has been no explosion of hydrogen energy vehicles, whether it is hydrogen leakage or collision.
Hyundai Motor in Korea has conducted as many as fifteen tests on the hydrogen storage bottle, such as high-altitude drop test, burst test, repeated test at room temperature and pressure, radiation test, fire resistance test, and so on. It has passed the Korean and European standards, and passed the most demanding UN global unified standard and numerous international certification standards in the world.
Which Company Applied the Paid Subscription Model for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles?
In 2016 Wales-based Riversimple Movement Ltd. launched the Rasa, a small two-seater hydrogen-fuelled car. The Rasa’s body is cool, and the design concept comes from its founder and chief engineer Hugo Spowers.
Hugo graduated from Oxford University before specialising in designing and building racing cars, as well as restoring historic racing cars. In 2001, he founded OScar Automotive, dedicated to changing the overall design, production and operation mode of the automotive industry, to save energy, reduce emissions and maximize the use of the earth’s scarce resources.
The first project, LIFEcar, involved building a fuel cell powered sports car at Morgan Motor Company. The second involves the construction of a two-seat “city car”, the Hyrban.
Hugo has been trying to revolutionize the automotive industry:
- Instead of creating proprietary intellectual property (IP), he used open-source (OS) design and charged royalties so that any organization could design and build a car.
- By using lightweight composites for the body, Hugo anticipated that assembly plants would be economically viable in the 5,000–10,000 unit per year range, allowing for widely dispersed assembly plants geographically.
- Using Mobility as a service, he believes that the green circular economy is the future trend. Instead of selling cars, Hugo adopted a subscription model. Ownership of the car remains with the manufacturer, which encourages the manufacturer to make the car as durable and economical to run as possible.
In 2007, Hugo saw the need for green energy in the automotive industry and changed the name of OScar Automotive to Riversimple. Riversimple’s hydrogen fuel cell car, the Rasa, features a carbon composite chassis and fiberglass body and weighs just 580 kg. (The sleek body has a drag coefficient of just 0.224cd.)
They introduced mobility as a service, which allows consumers to buy a 1 to 3 year subscription that includes vehicle usage, service, maintenance and auto insurance, making it very convenient.
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]]>The post What's New in Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles? KellyOnTech ESG Series first appeared on Mans International.
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Where Is the World’s Largest Demonstration of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles in 2022?
This year the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics came to be the world’s largest demonstration of fuel cell vehicles. In order to ensure the low carbon operation of the event, the vehicles used for transportation services for the event in this Olympics include: hydrogen fuel vehicles, pure electric vehicles, natural gas vehicles, hybrid vehicles and traditional new energy vehicles. Among them, there are more than 1,000 hydrogen energy vehicles, equipped with more than 30 hydrogen fuel stations.
According to the Beijing Winter Olympics report, Toyota became a dedicated service vehicle for the event with its hydrogen fuel cell technology and Costa hydrogen engine. This included 140 second-generation Toyota Mirai hydrogen energy vehicles.
The hydrogen fuel cell vehicles travelled to and from the Winter Olympics venues in Zhangjiakou and Yanqing, safely driving on these roads with high hills and steep slopes with low temperatures, demonstrating their ultra-long range and low-temperature resistance. The Toyota Service Vehicle travelled a total of 397,104 kilometres, used a total of approximately 11,098 kilograms of hydrogen, and reduced CO2 emissions by 113,737.44 kilograms.
What Are the Advantages of Hydrogen Energy?
According to Mr. Peng Tianfang’s “Hard Science and Technology Report”, the three main advantages of hydrogen energy include:
- Hydrogen energy is a fuel with higher energy density. Fuels with higher energy density tend to be more cost-effective for industry. One of the key reasons why oil replaced coal is that its energy density is 1.5 times that of coal. Hydrogen produces 3 times the energy of the same weight of oil and 4 times that of coal.
- Hydrogen energy is very flexible to use and is highly efficient. Oil is typically used at a maximum efficiency of 30–40 percent. Hydrogen energy has a very high conversion rate, with 90 percent of the energy being converted into electricity. The fuel cell is very flexible to use, the volume can be large or small, and the small one can be used as a mobile phone battery.
- Hydrogen energy may be one of the most environmentally friendly energy sources known, and its combustion product is water, which truly achieves zero emissions.
Which Hydrogen Fuel Cell Car Is More Cost-Effective?
After being highlighted by the Winter Olympics, I checked that the relatively more cost-effective hydrogen fuel cell vehicle on the market is Toyota’s Mirai. The first generation of the Mirai was launched in 2014 as one of the world’s first mass-produced fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs).
The second-generation Toyota MiraiI went on sale in Japan in April 2021. The second generation is also available in North America, with prices starting from $50,065.
According to Toyota’s official statement, it only takes 3 minutes to refuel with hydrogen for 650 km, more than Tesla Model S (425 km). Such supply efficiency is comparable to that of gas stations, killing charging stations in seconds. In addition, Toyota offers the same 8-year or 160,000 km warranty for the Toyota Mirai as it does for other models, and covers the hydrogen fuel cell warranty.
I was so excited to follow the address on Google map to the hydrogen fuel station, ready to learn more about it before placing an order, but it turned out that the station in Toronto was closed. Currently, only Vancouver has several hydrogen fuel stations in Canada.
Why Is the Penetration Rate of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles Not High So Far?
There are many advantages of hydrogen energy vehicles, why is the penetration rate not high so far?
This is a chicken-and-egg problem. According to the 14th annual assessment by Ludwig-Bölkow-Systemtechnik (LBST), an international expert advisor on sustainable energy and mobility, 142 new hydrogen fuel stations were built worldwide in 2021. There are currently 685 hydrogen fuel stations in operation worldwide.
In Europe, Germany tops the list with 101 stations out of 228. Asia has the largest number of hydrogen fuel stations with 363, Japan (195), China (105) and South Korea (95). China’s hydrogen fuel stations are almost exclusively used for bus or truck fleets. The majority of the 86 hydrogen fuel stations in North America are in California, USA, with 60 stations. Vancouver has 5 hydrogen fuel stations.
To be continued.
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